Do you know what graphics tablet is? Honestly, I personally, did not know what graphics tablet is before. As a student that is currently taking the course of Bachelor of Science in Information technology which I am sure we all know that is more about computer, I should know what graphics tablet is, am I right? So I am very thankful because one of our teachers gave us some assignments about graphics tablet. At least now I already know even a little information about graphics tablet.
A graphics tablet is can be also called as digitizing tablet, graphics pad, and drawing tablet. It is a computer input device that allows one to hand-draw images and graphics, similar to the way one draws images with a pencil and paper or an electronic drawing device which consists of an electronic pen and an electronically sensitive surface used to enter designs into a computer through drawing them. These tablets may also be used to capture data of handwritten signatures. There are different types or kinds of graphics tablet. These are the Pen pads, Passive tablets, Active tablets, Optical tablets, Acoustic tablets, Capacitative tablets, and Electromagnetic tablets.
A Pen pads are the kinds of graphics tablets that consists of a flat surface upon which the user may “ draw ” an image using an attached stylus. A stylus, in computer science, also called a pen. It is a pointing device used with a graphics tablet, usually attached to the tablet by a cord, although there are cordless varieties. To draw a point, the user touches the pen tip to the surface of the tablet. Selections and commands can be controlled through pressing a button on the stylus or pressing the stylus against the tablet’s surface. The stylus is preferred by artists because its results most closely resemble freehand illustration and because the stylus allows a great deal of manual control. It the image generally does not appear on the tablet itself but, rather, is displayed on the computer monitor.
Another type of graphics tablets are the Passive tablets. It is the most notably one according to Wacom. It make use of electromagnetic induction technology, where the horizontal and vertical wires of the tablet operate as both transmitting and receiving coils ( as opposed to the wires of the RAND Tablet which only transmit). The tablets generate an electromagnetic signal generated by the pen. Modern arrangements also provide pressure sensitivity and one or more switches ( similar to the buttons on a mouse ), with the electronics for this information present in the pen itself, not the tablet. On older tablets, changing the pressure on the pen nub or pressing a switch changed the properties of the LC circuit, affecting the signal. By using electromagnetic signals, the tablet is able to sense the stylus position without the stylus having to even touch the surface, and powering the pen with this signal means that devices used with the tablet never need batteries. Wacom’s patents don’t permit their competitors to employ such techniques.
The next type is Active tablets, this is a kind of graphics tablet which differ in that stylus used contains self-powered electronics that generate and transmit a signal to the tablet. These pens rely on an internal battery rather than their power, resulting in a bulkier pen. Eliminating the need to power the pen means that such tablets may listen for pen signals constantly, as they do not have to alternate between transmit and receive modes, which can result in less jitter. Jitter means a distortion in digitally transmitted or recorded sound or images, caused when two devices such as the recording and playback devices of audio recording are not perfectly synchronized.
Next is the Optical tablets which operate by a very small digital camera in the pen, and then doing pattern matching on the image of the paper. The most successful example is the one developed by Anoto.
W hat about Acoustic tablets? The early models of Acoustic tablets were described as spark tablets, it is a small sound generator was mounted in the stylus, and the acoustic signal picked up by two microphones placed near the writing surface. Some modern designs are able to read positions in three dimensions.
An electromagnetic tablet, one of its examples is a Wacom which a graphics tablet that works through generating and detecting an electromagnetic signal: in the Wacom design, the signal is generated by the pen, and detected by a grid of wires in the tablet. However, other designs such as those by Pencept generate a signal in the grid of the wires in the tablet, and detect it in the pen.
How about Capacitative tablets have also been designed to use an electrostatic or capacitative signal. Scriptel’s designs are example of a high-performance tablet detecting an electrostatic signal. Unlike the type of capacitative design used for touch screens, the Scriptel design is able to detect the position of the pen while it is in proximity to, or hovering above, the tablet.
Some tablets however, come as a functioning secondary computer screen that you can interact with directly using the stylus. There are ten Pressure-Sensitive Graphic Tablets which are Wacom Intous3 6x8- PTZ630, Wacom Bamboo Fun Medium-CTE650BT, Wacom Graphire Bluetooth Wireless Tablet-CTE630BT, Wacom Intous3 6x11 Wide Format USB Tablet-PTZ631W, Wacom Bamboo Pen Tablet-MTE450, DigiPro 5.5x4 Graphics Tablet-WP5540, Wacom Cintig 21UX 21.3’’ Interacitve Pen Display.
Wacom Intous3 6x8- PTZ630 provides 1,024 levels of pen tip and eraser pressure sensitivity, tilt sensitivity, is batterly-free and cordless, and features a programmable DuoSwitch and soft grip. It also comes with a cordless, programmable 5-button optical scroll mouse. The tablet features 2 touch strips, 8 ExpressKeys, and comes with a pen stand. With Intuos, you also have the option of purchasing additional programmable accessories.
Wacom Bamboo Fun Medium-CTE650BT is the successor to the Graphire4 series of consumer level pen tablets. Improving on the Graphire4 model, Bamboo Fun has an updated look, a wide-format active area, a new textured feel to the tablet surface, and a finger-sensitive touch ring for zooming and scrolling. For creative work like painting, drawing, and touching up photos, the medium size Bamboo Fun tablet is ideal. It has a fresh, fun look, and performs well. Unlike the Bamboo standard tablet, Bamboo Fun comes with a mouse and a bundle of creative software including Adobe Photoshop Elements 5 Win/4 Mac, Corel Painter Essentials 3, and Nik Color Efex Pro 2 GE.
Wacom Graphire Bluetooth Wireless Tablet-CTE630BT is slightly older and not as advanced as Bamboo and Intuos3, but it does have one big advantage — no wires. You can use the Graphire Bluetooth in the range of 30 feet and for up to 25 hours between charges. However, it does require that your computer have a Bluetooth adapter, and you will need a power source to charge the batteries on occasion. The power adapter is included, but the Bluetooth adapter is not. Many newer laptops come with built-in Bluetooth capabilities.
Wacom Intous3 6x11 Wide Format USB Tablet-PTZ631W, its footprint of the Intuos3 6x11 is 16.5 inches wide x 10.3 inches deep and includes two sets of ExpressKeys and Touch Strips. If you don't have the desk space or need to spend a little less, there is also a 4x6 wide format Intuos3 with a smaller footprint of 10.6 by 8.5 inches and one set of ExpressKeys. Both models offer the highest level of pressure sensitivity and the advanced customization options and accessories available for the Intuos line.
Wacom Bamboo Pen Tablet-MTE450 is an excellent entry-point to the Wacom product line. Bamboo is designed primarily for office tasks rather than artistic work. Although it functions just fine in creative software with pressure support, Bamboo does not come with software and is intended to be used with the built-in pen features of Windows Vista, Microsoft Office, and Mac OS X for marking up documents, jotting notes, and writing your signature. Of course, it can also be used as an alternative to the mouse to avoid repetitive stress fatigue.
DigiPro 5.5x4 Graphics Tablet-WP5540 has all the features of the WP8060 in a smaller size and lower price to match. And the last is the Wacom Cintig 21UX 21.3’’ Interacitve Pen Display combines an LCD monitor with a pressure sensitive tablet surface, so you can do just that. The 21.3 inch Cintiq includes an adjustable stand that allows the display to be rotated, inclined, or detached. It also features a 2-button Grip Pen, 8 ExpressKeys and 2 Touch Strips, 1024 levels of pressure sensitivity, and a 1600x1200 resolution LCD with DVI or VGA video input. for Windows and Macintosh.
Now I think that we’re already the same, in terms of the information about what graphics tablets are and some examples of it.
REFERENCES
1. About.com - Before You Buy a Graphics Tablet
2 .Gray, Elisha (1888-07-31), Telautograph, United States Patent 386,815, http://rwservices.no-ip.info:81/pens/biblio70.html#Gray1888b
3. Dimond, Tom (1957-12-01), Devices for reading handwritten characters, Proceedings of Eastern Joint Computer Conference, pp. 232–237, http://rwservices.no-ip.info:81/pens/biblio70.html#Dimond57, retrieved on 2008-08-23
4 .An Historical Timeline of Computer Graphics and Animation,
5 .Pencept Penpad (TM) Manual, Pencept, Inc., 1983-06-15, http://rwservices.no-ip.info:81/pens/biblio83.html#Pencept83
6.GP-10 SAC Two-dimensional Sonic Digitizer, Science Accessories Corporation, 1988-06-15, http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio85.html#Pencept88
7.AirPen Storage Notebook: PC NoteTaker, www.pegatech.com, 2005-06-15, http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio05.html#Pentel05
8.Hyperspace 3-D Digitizer, Mira Imaging, Incorporated, 1989-04-15, http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio90.html#Mira89
9.Scriptel Corporation, http://www.scriptel.com, retrieved on 2008-08-24
10.New Products: CAD Graphics Tablet, IEEE Communications, Vol 22 No 4, 1984-04-15, http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio85.html#Scriptel84
11.Kable, Robert G. (1986-07-15), Electrographic Apparatus, United States Patent 4,600,807 (full image), http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4600807.pdf
12.Decision Tree Consulting, http://www.dtc-worldwide.com/interactivesystems.html.
13.Aaron Marks (2006-11-17). "Audio Haptics for Visually Impaired Information Technology". Axistive. http://www.axistive.com/audio-haptics-for-visually-impaired-information-technology.html.
14."Repetitive Stress". WACOM Technology United States Website. http://www.wacom.com/comfort/index.cfm. Retrieved on 2005-08-24.
15.Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Friday, February 27, 2009
"GRAPHICS TABLETS"
"WESITE DESIGN SOFTWARES"
Are you interested in creating designs? Do you have your own website? Do you want to make your own website design? If these questions fit yours then you are in a right path. Just read this essay and found out.
Before you create website designs, you should know first the things that you will need in creating it. And that is what we called website design software. Website design software has many classifications which are XsitePro, NVU, Gimp, , Microsoft Expression Web, Homesite 5.0, Macromedia Dreamweaver 8, Adobe Flash CS3, Adobe Flash CS4 Professional, Adobe Dreamweaver 8, Adobe Dreamweaver CS4, Flash CS3 Professional, “N-view” Nevus 1.0, and CoffeeCup 2006, Microsoft FrontPage, CoffeeCup, Web Studio, WebPlus, and WebPlus X2.
XsitePro is now can even make websites for mobile phones. Add that to all of its other features and it is 1 of the best website products around. It is an easy website program for beginners to use as well as being very powerful for when you want to try using some of its many advanced features. Yet because I said it is easy does not mean you will be able to just push a button to make a website. You will need to do some reading as well as add some content to your pages and add videos as well as images if you want to use those on your site. Then when you are ready and have a hosting account setup you can push that button.
NVU is a great piece of website design software as well as being free seeing as it
is Open Source software. If you are looking for free website design software, NVU is one of the best website design software.
Gimp is similar to Photoshop and it is free website software too, being Open Source like NVU website design software.
Microsoft Expression Web is a solid Web site layout program that replaces FrontPage and offers tools for dynamic designs.
Homesite 5.0 is a new and improved version of an outstanding code editor is more stable and remarkably well tailored toward the professional Web developer.
Macromedia Dreamweaver 8 is faster wesite design software, easier to use, and more powerful one than the previous version, Dreamweaver 8 is a worthy upgrade for professionals, but amateurs should stick with a less complicated app, such as HomeSite.
Adobe Flash CS3 is a website design software that remains the best of the professional and practical vector tool software for creating Web pages. Adobe Flash CS3 continues the fine quality you expect and is overall an excellent program. It could be consider a MUST Have.
Adobe Flash CS4 Professional, Flash becomes friendlier and more fun to explore as CS4 introduces a faster approach to animation, making this a worthwhile upgrade for both beginners and seasoned programmers.
The latest Adobe Dream weaver 8 software is the most amazing software to suit all your web designing needs. If your work is to make the complex websites with the features of e-commerce and shopping carts with drop-down menus and multimedia, this is the right type of software for you to use. It is actually the best software currently in the market for the use by windows and the mac users. The software is not only known for its great, exciting features but it also supports a variety of different scripting languages also including the CSS. The Adobe Dreamweaver 8 is actually used for the most advanced and complex tasks of the web designing. It is more expensive as well as more difficult to learn amongst the other software in the market.
Adobe Dreamweaver CS4, in terms of best for coding and design pros, is perhaps the sharpest, swiftest tool for developing and editing dynamic Web sites.
Flash CS3 Professional is arguably the most dramatically enhanced program in the new CS3 suite. Flash CS3 Professional includes dramatic new features for designers, particularly its integration with Illustrator CS3. The ability to import (or paste) Illustrator vector graphics into Flash is a major event in the evolution of animation design, and the ability to import Illustrator graphic symbols has the potential to radically improve animation workflow.
“N-view” Nevus 1.0 is one of other free website designing software that can be used for the basic styling and designing of the simple websites. This website design software can be used by the Windows, Mac and Linux users for one hundred percent free and it is available to download by everyone. There is no prior knowledge of the HTML required and the software also contains some advanced scripts like Java coding and CSS. You will again need a web hosting service to upload your website.
CoffeeCup 2006 is one of the interesting software which is now commonly used. It is a software which is not only cheaper but also very easy to use by any ordinary web site designer. CoffeeCup 2006 is best to use for the simple websites and home business services, because it does not include the advanced features of the e-commerce. It still requires you to post the website through a web hosting service.
FrontPage is a type of editing software for businesses and personal web sites. It has many features such as layouts that allow the user to create a gallery for photos, and drawing tools, which are useful when making captions. FrontPage also allows the user to control the code as well as having access to analysis reports for traffic purposes. The site offers in depth instructions for various questions one may have when developing a web site. The site also offers tours to view examples of what one may like to do when building a web site. For the beginner, this is a helpful feature. It also offers page templates that provide many options when creating the style of the page for banners, headers and other various frame choices. These characteristics are valuable to teachers because they eliminate the "guess work" allowing the teacher to concentrate more on teaching and instruction than web developing.
CoffeeCup Software started in a real Coffee House 1996. Its philosophy has always been to create software and services so you can make better Websites.
Web Studio is easy-to-use web design software that lets anyone create professional-looking web pages in minutes. With Web Studio's drag-and-drop interface, WYSIWYG layout and easy-to-use features, building a web site is easy and fun. And Web Studio's fully-integrated site hosting makes publishing a snap. Free website hosting is also available to help you preview your work online. Whether you need a business web site or personal web pages, Web Studio is the web design software of choice.
WebPlus is ideally suited to those happy to go with predefined templates and components, and these are now very flexible, if sometimes a little complicated to use. There are automated navigation bars, for example, where you can colour the background and text, define the font and stipulate fly-out sub-menus. Getting them to display the right buttons for each site page, however, by selecting from 13 different Navigation Types - including Parent Level, Previous and Next and Breadcrumb - is not for the faint-hearted. WebPlus has moved further into handling business sites by including facilities to merge databases; ideal for maintaining product lists and catalogues. It works with Access, dBase and ODBC data, as well as with the company's own database format.
WebPlus X2 has been revamped to tone in with Windows Vista and now has slide-out, tabbed palettes on both sides of the editing page. On the right are colour swatches, site navigation and a component art gallery, while down the left are fonts, styles and tutorials.
Web site design is not just for professional graphic designers, whose fingers have grown hairy through long hours of hand-coding HTML. Anybody can do it, just have faith in yourself and believe that you can do the designs you want. I am sure time will come that your name will line-up in the group of great website designers through the use of different website design softwares.
REFERENCES
http://search.live.com/results.aspx?q=adobe+flash+review&src=IE-SearchBox
http://review.zdnet.com/compare/illustration/adobe-dreamweaver-cs4?productid=33255267
http://www.netdogz.com/
http://www.BharatBhasha.com
http://www.bharatbhasha.com/internet-and-computers.php/103106
http://www.microsoft.com/frontpage
http://www.coffeecup.com/designer/
http://www.coffeecup.com/website-access-manager/
http://www.webstudio.com/
"WORD PROCESSORS"
Word processors, more formally known as document preparation system are computer applications used for the production of nay sort of printable material including composition, editing, formatting, and possibly printing. Word processors may also refer to an obsolete type of stand-alone office machine, popular in the 1970s until 80s, combining the keyboard text-entry and printing functions of an electric typewriter with a dedicated computer for the editing of text. Although features and design varied between manufacturers and models, with new features added as technology advanced, word processors for several years usually featured a monochrome display and the ability to save documents on memory cards or diskettes. Later models introduced innovations such as spell-checking programs, increased formatting options, and dot-matrix printing. As the more versatile combination of a personal computer and separate printer became commonplace, the word processor disappeared. These are also descended from early text formatting tools which sometimes called text justification tools, from their only real capability. Word processing was one of the earliest applications for the personal computer in office productivity. Although early word processors used tag-based markup for document formatting, most modern word processors take advantage of a graphical user interface. Most powerful systems consisting of one or more programs that can produce any arbitrary combination of images, graphics, and text, the latter handled with type-setting capability. There are different kinds of word processors which are the Microsoft Word, WordPerfect, AbiWord, LyX, KWord,
Microsoft Word is Microsoft's word processing software and the most widely used computer word processing system; Microsoft estimates over five hundred million people use the Office suite, which includes Word. It was first released in 1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems.[1][2][3] Versions were later written for several other platforms including IBM PCs running DOS (1983), the Apple Macintosh (1984), SCO UNIX, OS/2 and Microsoft Windows (1989). It is a component of the Microsoft Office system; however, it is also sold as a standalone product and included in Microsoft Works Suite. Beginning with the 2003 version, the branding was revised to emphasize Word's identity as a component within the Office suite; Microsoft began calling it Microsoft Office Word instead of merely Microsoft Word. The latest releases are Word 2007 for Windows and Word 2008 for Mac OS X.
WordPerfect is a word processor which dominated the market from the mid- 1980s to early-1990s, particularly for machines running Microsoft’s MS-DOS operating system.
AbiWord is a free software word processor. It has a comprehensive language database with multiple languages. It also has support for tables and footnotes, as well as a spell checker and an advanced grammar checking system. It was originally started by SourceGear Corporation as the first component of AbiSuite, as part of a plan to create a full Office Suite that would be Free Software. However, SourceGear gradually moved on to other business interests, and now the AbiWord project is run by a team of volunteer developers. AbiWord is part of GNOME Office, a collection of office applications with some degree of integration.
LyX is a document processor that encourages an approach to writing based on the structure of your documents and not simply their appearance. It combines the power and flexibility of Tex/LaTeX with ease of use of a graphical interface. This results in world-class support for creation of mathematical content ( via a fully integrated equation editor ) and structured documents like academic articles, theses, and books. In addition, staples of scientific authoring such as reference list and index creation come standard. But you can also use LyX to create a letter or a novel or a theatre play or film script. A broad array of ready, well-designed documents layouts are built in.
KWord is a frame-based word-processing and desktop publishing application. It is capable of creating demanding and professional looking documents. Whether you are a corporate or home user, production artist or student, Word will prove a valuable and easy to use tool for all your word processing and layout needs. This can be used to place components in precise locations, as with many professional DTP applications. KWord can also handle huge amounts of texts and allows you to do professional markup with ease.
WordStar is a word processor application, published by MicroPro International, originally written for the CP/M operating system but later ported to DOS, which enjoyed a dominant market share during the early to mid-1980s. It is the most feature-rich and easy-to-use word processor available for this operating system, and became a de facto standard. WordStar was the last commercial word processor supporting the CP/M operating system. MacWrite is a word processor application released along with the first Apple Macintosh systems in 1984. it was the first such program that was widely available to the public to offer WYSIWYG operation, with multiple fonts and styles. Together with MacPaint, it was one of the two original “ killer applications ” that propelled the adoption and popularity of the GUI in general, and the Mac in particular.
WordStar in no longer developed maintained or sold by its owner, it is effectively abandonware. But it is still actively used by several hundred members of the WordStar Users Group Mailing List. They provide technical support for each other via the long-running mailing list which started in May 1996 and has continued to this day without interruption ( but with one major move from Cuenet to WordStar2 in 2003 ). There are also free downloads of updated macros and scripts, printer and mouse drivers, and other utilities on the WordStar Users Group web pages. WordStar is still considered by many to be one of the best examples of a “ writing program ”. Because it was designed for text-only display devices with only a single, functional typeface, the primary focus was on the text, without direct onscreen WYSIWYG formatting. Because typesetting and layout were secondary or tertiary functions left for after the document was written, edited, and proofread, the writer was not distracted by the many formatting possibilities presented by later word processors.
Word processors can also be distinguished from several other related forms of software. Text editors include modern examples which are Notepad, BBEdit, Kate, and Gedit were the precursors of word processors. While offering facilities for composing and editing text, they do not format documents. This can be done by batch document processing systems, starting with TJ-2 and RUNOFF and still available in such systems as LaTeX as well as programs that implement the paged-media extensions to HTML and CSS.
These text editors are now used mainly by programmers, website designers, and computer system administrators. They are also useful when fast startup times, small file sizes, editing speed and simplicity of operation are preferred over formatting. Later desktop publishing programs were specifically designed to allow elaborate layout for publication, but often offered only limited support for editing. Typically, desktop publishing programs allowed users to import text that was written using a text editor or what we called word processor. Almost all word processors enable users to employ styles, which are used to automate consistent formatting of text body, titles, subtitles, highlighted text, and so on. Styles greatly simplify managing the formatting of large documents, since changing a style automatically changes all text that the style has been applied to. Even in shorter documents styles can save a lot of time while formatting. However, most help files refer to styles as an “ advanced feature ” of the word processor, which often discourages users from using styles regularly.
It is very simple nowadays on how to choose a word processor that corresponds to your needs. I will recommend to you to just visit any website about word processorsin the internet.
REFERENCES
1. Smith, William D. (1971) "Lag Persists for Business Equipment;" The New York Times, October 26, 1971 p. 59
2. Dullea, Georgia (1971): "Is It a Boon for Secretaries—Or Just an Automated Ghetto?" The New York Times, February 5, 1971, p. 32
3. Smith, William D (1974) "Xerox Is Introducing a Speedier Electric Typewriter," The New York Times, October 8, 1974, p. 57
4. Rostky, Georgy (2000). "The word processor: cumbersome, but great". EETimes. http://www.eetimes.com/special/special_issues/millennium/milestones/berezin.html. Retrieved on 2006-05-29.
5. Smith, William D. (1974) "Electric Typewriter Sales Are Bolstered by Efficiency," The New York Times, December 16, 1974, p. 57
6. "1970-1979 C.E.: Media History Project". University of Minnesota. May 18, 2007. http://www.mediahistory.umn.edu/timeline/1970-1979.html. Retrieved on 2008-03-29.
7. Schuyten, Peter J. (1978): "Wang Labs: Healthy Survivor" The New York Times December 6, 1978 p. D1: "[Market research analyst] Amy Wohl... said... 'Since then, the company has installed more of these systems than any other vendor in the business."
8. "NBI INC Securities Registration: Small Business (SB-2) BUSINESS"". September 8, 1998. http://sec.edgar-online.com/1998/09/08/17/0001047469-98-033990/Section9.asp.
9. http://www.wordstar.org/wordstar/history/history.htm
10.http://www.atarimagazines.com/compute/issue124/P198_1_REVIEWS_WORDSTAR_6.0.php
11 http://www.lyx.org/
12. http://www.koffice.org/kword/
13."AbiWord beats OpenOffice to a Grammar Checker". Slashdot. 2005-10-15. http://developers.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/10/15/1312216. Retrieved on 2007-11-23. ""The recently released AbiWord-2.4...is the first Free Word Processor to offer an integrated Grammar Checker""
14. "AbiWord v2.6.0 Released". www.abisource.com. http://abisource.com/release-notes/2.6.0.phtml. Retrieved on 2008-03-24.
15. "AbiWord v2.6.5 Changelog". www.abisource.com. http://www.abisource.com/changelogs/2.6.5.phtml. Retrieved on 2008-12-19.
"COMPUTER PROCESSORS"
The CPU can access specific pieces of data in RAM by specifying the address of the data that it wants. As a program is executed, data flow from RAM through an interface unit of wires called the bus, which connects the CPU to RAM. The data are then decoded by a processing unit called the instruction decoder that interprets and implements software instructions. From the instruction decoder the data pass to the arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), which performs calculations and comparisons. Data may be stored by the ALU in temporary memory locations called registers where it may be retrieved quickly. The ALU performs specific operations such as addition, multiplication, and conditional tests on the data in its registers, sending the resulting data back to RAM or storing it in another register for further use. During this process, a unit called the program counter keeps track of each successive instruction to make sure that the program instructions are followed by the CPU in the correct order.
While Double data rate (DDR)-SDRAM motherboards are motherboards that respond and transmit data at both the rising and falling parts of the signal. They have less latency and process twice as fast as SDRAM systems.
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2. • Brown, Jeffery (2005). "Application-customized CPU design". IBM developerWorks. http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/power/library/pa-fpfxbox/?ca=dgr-lnxw07XBoxDesign. Retrieved on 2005-12-17.
3. • Huynh, Jack (2003). "The AMD Athlon XP Processor with 512KB L2 Cache". University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign. pp. 6–11. http://courses.ece.uiuc.edu/ece512/Papers/Athlon.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-10-06.
4. • Digital Equipment Corporation (November 1975). "LSI-11 Module Descriptions". LSI-11, PDP-11/03 user's manual (2nd edition ed.). Maynard, Massachusetts: Digital Equipment Corporation. pp. 4–3. http://www.classiccmp.org/bitsavers/pdf/dec/pdp11/1103/EK-LSI11-TM-002.pdf.
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6. • Hennessy, John A.; Goldberg, David (1996). Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. ISBN 1-55860-329-8.
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8. • MIPS Technologies, Inc. (2005). MIPS32 Architecture For Programmers Volume II: The MIPS32 Instruction Set. MIPS Technologies, Inc.. http://www.mips.com/content/Documentation/MIPSDocumentation/ProcessorArchitecture/doclibrary.
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